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Spina Bifida,A neurological disorders Definition, Causes, Sign and Symptoms, Types, Medical and Physiotherapy Management




Definition 

Spina bifida is a birth defect in which the spinal cord and its protective covering (the meninges) do not develop properly. This can lead to a variety of physical and cognitive impairments, including paralysis of the legs, loss of bladder and bowel control, and difficulty with fine motor skills. Spina bifida can be classified into three types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The severity of the condition can vary depending on the type and location of the defect. Spina bifida can be treated with surgery, physical therapy, and medications.

Causes of Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a congenital condition that occurs when the neural tube does not close properly during early fetal development. The exact cause of spina bifida is not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some known risk factors for spina bifida include a family history of the condition, a lack of folic acid in the mother's diet during pregnancy, and certain medications taken during pregnancy.

Types of Spina Bifida

 There are several types of spina bifida, including:

Spina bifida occulta: The mildest form of spina bifida, in which there is a small defect in one or more vertebrae, but no opening or sac on the back.

Meningocele: A form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and its covering (the meninges) protrude through an opening in the vertebrae, forming a sac on the back.

Myelomeningocele: The most serious form of spina bifida, in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebrae, forming a sac on the back. This can result in severe neurological damage and disability.

Lipomeningocele: A rare type of spina bifida in which the spinal cord is covered by a fatty tissue instead of meninges.

Tethered cord syndrome: A rare form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord is attached to the skin or surrounding structures, causing a pulling effect on the cord that can lead to nerve damage and other problems.

Sign and Symptoms of Spina Bifida 

The signs and symptoms of spina bifida can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common signs and symptoms include:

  • A visible birthmark, lesion, or tuft of hair on the lower back
  • Weakness or loss of sensation in the legs
  • Difficulty walking or standing
  • Bladder and bowel control issues
  • Hydrocephalus (an accumulation of fluid in the brain)

In some cases, there may be no visible signs or symptoms at birth. However, as the child grows and develops, problems with mobility and bowel and bladder control may become apparent.

It is important to note that some people with spina bifida may not experience any symptoms and lead a normal life.

Medical and Physiotherapy treatment of Spina Bifida 

Medical treatment of spina bifida typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, with a team of healthcare professionals working together to manage the condition.

Surgery: Surgery is often performed soon after birth to close the opening in the spine and repair any damage to the spinal cord and nerves. The goal of surgery is to prevent further damage to the spinal cord and nerves, and to preserve as much function as possible.

Physical therapy: Physical therapy is used to help improve mobility and function. Physical therapy may include exercises to strengthen muscles, improve range of motion, and prevent contractures (tightening of muscles and joints).

Occupational therapy: Occupational therapy can help individuals with spina bifida learn new ways to complete daily activities, such as dressing and grooming, and use adaptive equipment such as wheelchairs and leg braces.

Medications: Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as pain and muscle spasms. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to prevent infections.

Medical follow-up: regular medical follow-up is important to monitor symptoms, detect and treat complications, and adjust treatment as needed.

It's important to work with a team of healthcare professionals to develop an individualized treatment plan that addresses the specific needs of the individual.











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