Medical and Physical Therapy management

Definition   Spina bifida is a birth defect in which the spinal cord and its protective covering (the meninges) do not develop properly. This can lead to a variety of physical and cognitive impairments, including paralysis of the legs, loss of bladder and bowel control, and difficulty with fine motor skills. Spina bifida can be classified into three types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The severity of the condition can vary depending on the type and location of the defect. Spina bifida can be treated with surgery, physical therapy, and medications. Causes of Spina Bifida Spina bifida is a congenital condition that occurs when the neural tube does not close properly during early fetal development. The exact cause of spina bifida is not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some known risk factors for spina bifida include a family history of the condition, a lack of folic acid in the mother's diet duri

Definition Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which there are high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, specifically cholesterol and/or triglycerides. This can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. Causes of Hyperlipidemia   Hyperlipidemia is the medical term for high levels of fats, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood. There are several causes of hyperlipidemia, including: Genetics : Some people have a genetic predisposition to high cholesterol or triglycerides. Diet : A diet high in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, and simple carbohydrates can contribute to hyperlipidemia. Lack of physical activity: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of hyperlipidemia. Obesity: Excess weight, especially in the abdominal area, can increase the risk of hyperlipidemia. Medical conditions: Some medical conditions, such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney or liver disease, can increase the risk of hyperlipidemia. Medications: Cert

  Definition A whiplash injury is a type of neck injury that occurs as a result of a sudden and forceful back-and-forth movement of the neck, such as in a car accident. Symptoms can include neck pain and stiffness, headaches, and shoulder and arm pain.  Causes of whiplash injury Whiplash injury is typically caused by a sudden, forceful movement of the head and neck, such as in a car accident, a sports collision, or a physical assault. It can also occur from a fall or a blow to the head. The injury is typically characterized by damage to the soft tissues of the neck, including the muscles, ligaments, and tendons, as well as potential damage to the spinal cord and nerve roots. Sign and Symptoms of whiplash injury The most common symptoms of a whiplash injury include neck pain and stiffness, headaches, shoulder pain and/or stiffness, dizziness, and fatigue. Other symptoms can include difficulty sleeping, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and an overall feeling of malaise. In some ca

Definition Radiculopathy is a medical condition characterized by pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs due to damage or compression of a nerve root in the spinal cord. This can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as a herniated disk, spinal stenosis, or degenerative disc disease. Treatment options for radiculopathy may include physical therapy, medication, or surgery. Causes of Radiculopathy The most common causes of radiculopathy include: Herniated disk: A herniated disk occurs when the soft center of a disk bulges out and presses on a nerve root. Spinal stenosis: Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal that can put pressure on nerve roots. Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition that can cause bone spurs to form, which can compress nerve roots. Trauma: Trauma to the spine, such as a car accident or fall, can cause radiculopathy. Other underlying conditions such as tumors, infections, or metabolic disorders can also cause rad

Definition It is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of the hormone cortisol. This can occur due to a tumor on the pituitary gland that produces ACTH, a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, or a tumor on the adrenal glands themselves that produces cortisol.  Causes of Cushing's syndrome This can be caused by several factors, including: Pituitary gland tumors: A tumor on the pituitary gland can cause it to produce too much ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce excessive amounts of cortisol. Adrenal gland tumors: Tumors on the adrenal glands themselves can cause them to produce too much cortisol, independent of ACTH levels. Medications: Long-term use of corticosteroids, such as prednisone. Ectopic ACTH production: In rare cases, tumors outside of the pituitary or adrenal glands can produce ACTH and lead to Cushing's syndrome. Sign and Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome The signs and symptoms of Cushing's syndrome

Definition It is a group of neurological disorder that affects coordination, balance and muscle tone. It is caused by damage to the brain, typically occurring before or during birth, and can result in a range of symptoms including muscle stiffness, weakness, spasticity, and difficulty with coordination and balance. CP is a lifelong condition and the symptoms can vary widely from person to person. Causes of Cerebral Palsy  The causes of CP can be broadly categorized as prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal. Prenatal causes: Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities Infections during pregnancy (such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis) Prenatal exposure to toxins (such as alcohol, lead, pesticides) Nutritional deficiencies Perinatal causes: Premature birth or low birth weight Lack of oxygen to the brain during birth Birth trauma, such as skull fractures or head injuries Postnatal causes: Trauma or injuries to the brain Infections of the brain (such as meningitis, encephalitis) Il

  Definition   Hypothyroidism happens when thyroid gland which is essential part of human body doesn't make enough thyroid hormone. This condition also called underactive thyroid. Hypothyroidism may not cause any noticeable symptoms in its early stages.This hormone is important for regulating metabolism and many other bodily functions. Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include fatigue, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, and dry skin. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders and surgery to remove the thyroid gland. It can be treated with hormone replacement therapy Causes of Hypothyroidism There are several causes of hypothyroidism, including: Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Thyroid surgery: surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. Radiation therapy: treatment of head and neck cancer with radiation can damage the thyroid gland. Medications: some me

  Definition   Sciatica is a set of symptoms caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. This nerve runs from the lower back, through the hips and buttocks, and down each leg. Sciatica symptoms can include lower back pain, radiating pain or discomfort in the legs, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected leg or foot. Causes of sciatica  Sciatica is a condition characterized by pain, numbness, or tingling in the lower back, buttocks, and legs. It is caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down through the buttocks and legs. The most common causes of sciatica include: Herniated disk: A herniated disk occurs when the inner nucleus of the disk bulges out and presses on the sciatic nerve. Spinal stenosis: This is a condition where the spinal canal narrows and puts pressure on the sciatic nerve. Degenerative disk disease: As we age, the disks in our spine may wear d

  Definition The spinal cord injury (SCI) results in damage of the spinal cord which causes loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. The injury can be caused by trauma, such as a car accident or fall, or by diseases such as cancer or arthritis. SCI can result in partial or complete paralysis of the body below the point of injury. Causes of SCI  The most common causes of spinal cord injury include: Trauma, such as car accidents, falls, and violence Disease or infection, such as spinal cord tumors or meningitis Degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis or spinal stenosis Congenital disorders, such as spina bifida or muscular dystrophy Sports and recreational activities, such as diving or contact sports Medical procedures, such as surgery or radiation therapy. Sign and Symptoms of SCI The signs and symptoms of spinal cord injury can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. Some common signs and symptoms include: Loss of movement or sensation in the affected a

Definition Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones in the knee joint. It can cause pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving the knee. It is a common condition that typically develops in older adults, but can also occur as a result of injury or other factors. Causes of Knee OA  Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the cartilage that cushions the bones in the knee wears down over time. This can happen for a variety of reasons, including: Age: As we age, our cartilage naturally wears down and becomes less effective at cushioning the bones in our joints. Injury: Trauma to the knee, such as from a sports injury or car accident, can damage the cartilage and increase the risk of OA. Overuse: Repetitive motions, such as running or kneeling, can put stress on the knee and lead to cartilage wear. Genetics: Some people may have inherited a predispositio

  Definition Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints and surrounding tissue. It leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected joints. Rheumatoid arthritis can also cause fever and fatigue, and if left untreated, it can lead to joint damage and disability. The cause of RA is not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors are thought to be involved. Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not fully understood, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Some of the possible causes and risk factors for RA include: Genetics: RA is more common in people who have certain genetic markers, such as the HLA-DR4 gene. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain toxins, such as tobacco smoke and silica dust, may increase the risk of RA. Lifestyle factors: Being overweight or obese and smoking

Definition   The word "arthritis" comes from the Greek words "arthron," meaning "joint," and "itis," meaning "inflammation." Arthritis is a group of conditions in which joints become inflamed and causing pain, stiffness, and difficulty in movement. It is a condition that affects people of all ages. Various Types of Arthritis  There are many different types of arthritis, and the causes of each can vary. Some common types of arthritis and their causes include: Osteoarthritis:   This is the most common type of arthritis, and it is caused by wear and tear on the joints. As we age, the cartilage that cushions the joints can deteriorate, leading to pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected joints. Osteoarthritis is more common in older adults, but it can also develop in younger people who have suffered joint injuries or have certain genetic conditions that affect the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis:   This is an autoimmune disorder tha

  Definition Cervical spondylosis is a type of osteoarthritis that affects the cervical spine, which is the portion of the spine that runs through the neck. It is characterized by the degeneration of the intervertebral discs and the formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) in the cervical spine. The degeneration of the intervertebral discs can cause the spine to lose some of its normal curvature, leading to a condition known as lordosis. Causes of Cervical Spondylosis  Cervical spondylosis is a condition that involves the deterioration of the bones, discs, and other structures in the neck (cervical spine). It is a common cause of neck pain and can be caused by a variety of factors, including: Aging: As we age, the bones, discs, and other structures in the cervical spine can degenerate, leading to cervical spondylosis. Wear and tear: The cervical spine is subjected to a lot of wear and tear over time, which can contribute to the development of cervical spondylosis. Poor posture: Poor po

  Definition Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins that usually occur in the legs. They are caused by weak or damaged valves in the veins, which allow blood to flow in the wrong direction and pool in the veins, leading to their enlargement. Varicose veins can be painful and may cause discomfort or aching, especially after standing for long periods of time. They may also lead to more serious problems such as skin ulcers or blood clots. Causes of varicose veins In varicose veins valves become weakened or damaged. When these valves are not functioning properly, blood can flow backwards and pool in the veins, causing them to become enlarged and twisted. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including: Age: As you get older, the valves in your veins can become weaker and less able to function properly. Pregnancy: The extra weight and pressure on the veins during pregnancy can cause varicose veins to form. Obesity: Being overweight puts additional strain on your veins, which can

Definition Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, is a condition that causes pain on the outside of the elbow and arm. It is a type of overuse injury that is common among people who participate in activities that involve repetitive arm, elbow, and wrist movements, such as playing tennis, but it can also occur in people who do not play sports.  Causes of Tennis Elbow There are several factors that can contribute to the development of tennis elbow, including: Repetitive arm, elbow, and wrist movements: Tennis elbow is commonly caused by activities that involve repetitive arm, elbow, and wrist movements, such as playing tennis or other racquet sports, but it can also be caused by other activities that involve similar movements, such as painting, carpentry, or typing. Poor technique: Using poor technique or improper form when performing activities that involve repetitive arm, elbow, and wrist movements can increase the risk of developing tennis elbow. Overuse: Participating

Definition Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that affects the hand and wrist. It occurs when there is pressure on the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as movement of some of the muscles in the hand. Causes of CTS There are several potential causes of carpal tunnel syndrome, including: Repetitive movements: Performing the same hand and wrist movements over and over again can lead to inflammation and swelling around the median nerve, leading to carpal tunnel syndrome. Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase the pressure on the median nerve, leading to carpal tunnel syndrome. Pregnancy: The hormonal changes and fluid retention that occur during pregnancy can cause swelling in the wrist, leading to carpal tunnel syndrome. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at increased risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome due to changes i